O. W. Greenberg, Steve Cowen
The N-quantum approach (NQA) to quantum field theory uses the complete and irreducible set of in or out fields, including in or out fields for bound states, as standard building blocks to construct solutions to quantum field theories. In particular, introducing in (or out) fields for the bound states allows a new way to calculate energy levels and wave functions for the bound states that is both covariant and effectively 3-dimensional. This method is independent of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. In contrast to the Bethe-Salpeter equation, all solutions of the NQA are normalizable and correspond to physical bound states. In this paper we use the NQA in one-loop approximation to calculate states of the relativistic hydrogen atom and related two-body systems.
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http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.1619
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